随着超级电容器的发展不断地推陈出新，其技术水平日新月异，应用范围也不断扩大。超级电容也称电化学电容，一种新型储能器件，与传统静电电容器不同，主要表现在储存能量的多少上。

　　With the development of supercapacitor, its technology level is changing with each passing day, and its application scope is also expanding. Supercapacitor, also known as electrochemical capacitor, is a new type of energy storage device, which is different from the traditional electrostatic capacitor in terms of energy storage.

　　作为能量的储存或输出装置，其储能的多少表现为电容量的大小。根据超级电容器储能的机理，其原理可分为以下两类:

　　As an energy storage or output device, the amount of energy storage is expressed as the size of capacitance. According to the energy storage mechanism of supercapacitors, the principles can be divided into the following two categories:

　　1.在电极P溶液界面通过电子和离子或偶极子的定向排列所产生的双电层电容器。该模型认为金属表面上的静电荷将从溶液中吸收部分不规则的分配离子，使它们在电极P 溶液界面的溶液一侧，离电极一定距离排成一排，形成一个电荷数量与电极表面剩余电荷数量相等而符号相反的界面层。

　　Electric double layer capacitor produced by the directional arrangement of electrons and ions or dipoles at the interface of electrode P solution. According to the model, the static charge on the metal surface will absorb some irregular distribution ions from the solution, so that they will be arranged in a row at a certain distance from the electrode on the solution side of the electrode P solution interface, forming an interface layer with the same number of charges as the remaining charges on the electrode surface, but the sign is opposite.

　　于是，在电极上和溶液中就形成了两个电荷层，这就是我们通常所讲的双电层。双电层有储存电能量的作用，电容器的容量可以利用以下公式来计算:

　　Thus, two charge layers are formed on the electrode and in the solution, which is what we usually call the electric double layer. The capacity of capacitor can be calculated by the following formula:

　　式中，E为电容器的储能大小;C为电容器的电容量;V 为电容器的工作电压。由此可见，双电层电容器的容量与电极电势和材料本身的属性有关。通常为了形成稳定的双电层，一般采用导电性能良好的极化电极。

　　Where e is the energy storage capacity of the capacitor; C is the capacitance of the capacitor; V is the working voltage of the capacitor. It can be seen that the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor is related to the electrode potential and the properties of the material itself. In order to form a stable electric double layer, polarization electrode with good conductivity is usually used.

双层电容器的工作原理

　　2.在电极表面或体相中的二维与准二维空间，电活性物质进行欠电位沉积，发生高度可逆的化学吸附、脱附或氧化还原反应，产生与电极充电电位有关的法拉第准电容器。

　　On the electrode surface or in the two-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional space in the bulk phase, the electroactive substances underpotential deposition, and highly reversible chemical adsorption, desorption or redox reactions occur, resulting in Faraday quasi capacitors related to the electrode charging potential.

　　在电活性物质中，随着存在于法拉第电荷传递化学变化的电化学过程的进行，极化电极上发生欠电位沉积或发生氧化还原反应，充放电行为类似于电容器，而不同于二次电池，不同之处为:

　　In electroactive materials, with the development of electrochemical process existing in Faraday charge transfer chemistry, under potential deposition or redox reaction occurs on the polarization electrode. The charge discharge behavior is similar to that of capacitor, but different from secondary battery

　　(1)极化电极上的电压与电量几乎呈线性关系;

　　The voltage on the polarization electrode is almost linear with the electric quantity;

　　(2)当电压与时间成线性关系d V/d t=K时，电容器的充放电电流为一恒定值I=Cd V/d t=CK.此过程为动力学可逆过程，与二次电池不同但与静电类似。法拉第电容和双电层电容的区别在于:双电层电容在充电过程中需要消耗电解液，而法拉第电容在整个充放电过程中电解液的浓度保持相对稳定。

　　When the voltage is linear with time DV / dt = k, the charge discharge current of the capacitor is a constant value, I = CD V / d t = CK. This process is a dynamic reversible process, different from the secondary battery, but similar to static electricity. The difference between Faraday capacitance and electric double-layer capacitor is that the electric double-layer capacitor consumes electrolyte during the charging process, while the concentration of electrolyte keeps relatively stable in the whole charging and discharging process.

　　法拉第准电容不仅在电极表面产生，而且还可以在电极内部产生，其最大充放电能力由电活性物质表面的离子取向和电荷转移速度控制，因此可以在短时间内进行电荷转移，即可以获得更高的比功率(比功率大于500W /kg )。

　　Faraday quasi capacitance can be generated not only on the surface of the electrode, but also inside the electrode. Its maximum charge discharge capacity is controlled by the ion orientation and charge transfer speed of the surface of the electroactive material. Therefore, the charge transfer can be carried out in a short time, that is, higher specific power (more than 500W / kg) can be obtained.